Dictionary sources

Word meanings, readings and levels come from open dictionaries and word lists. Thank you to the people who make them.

Cantonese

• CC-Canto and the Cantonese readings for CC-CEDICT, by Pleco Software, licensed CC BY-SA 3.0.
• CC-CEDICT, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0.
• HSK levels from the November 2025 syllabus, via complete-hsk-vocabulary (MIT).
• Word frequency from the Hong Kong Cantonese Corpus (HKCanCor), through PyCantonese.
• Readings in context from ToJyutping, checked against PyCantonese.
• A short list of particles and colloquial words written for this site.

Mandarin

• CC-CEDICT, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0, and HSK levels as above.
• Pinyin in context from pypinyin, and words and their frequency from jieba (both MIT).

Japanese

• JMdict, the property of the Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, used under its licence (CC BY-SA 4.0), through jmdict-simplified.
• Words, dictionary forms and readings from MeCab with UniDic, through fugashi.

Glosses from the CC BY-SA dictionaries that appear in lessons are shared under the same licence. Meanings marked as written by AI are the site's own.